The governments of Argentina and France are involved respectively in the civil and military segments of the system. Italian Pratica di Mare Defence User Ground Segment.Italian Matera Civil User Ground Segment.Italian Centro Controllo e Pianificazione Missione del Fucino. The ground segment of the system is composed of: COSMO-2 (COSPAR 2007-059A) was launched at 02:31:42 UTC on 9 December 2007, the launch having been delayed from 6 December 2007 due to bad weather, and problems with the rocket's cork insulation. The first satellite COSMO-1 (COSPAR 2007-023A) was launched at 02:34:00 UTC on 8 June 2007. Satellite processing for the first two satellites was handled by the Astrotech Space Operations subsidiary of SPACEHAB. United Launch Alliance provided launch services for the satellites with their Delta II 7420-10C launch vehicles from Vandenberg Air Force Base. The center frequency is 9.6 GHz with a maximum radar bandwidth of 400 MHz. The system is capable of both single- and dual-polarization collection. The radar antenna is a phased array that is 1.4 × 5.7 m (4 ft 7 in × 18 ft 8 in). 300 Gbit on-board memory and 310 Mbit/s data-link with ground segments.Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) working in X-band.Stabilization, navigation and Global Positioning System (GPS) systems.The Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is used due to power (Electrical Power Subsystem) and revisit time requirements. The offset of satellite 4 allows a one-day interferometry mode for elevation information. The satellites are phased in the same orbital plane, with COSMO-SkyMed's 1, 3, and 2 at 90° intervals followed by COSMO-SkyMed 4 at 67.5° after COSMO-SkyMed 2. They cross the equator at approximately 06:00 and 18:00 local-time each day and can image any point twice each day. Each satellite repeats the same ground track every 16 days. The operating life of each satellite is estimated to be 5 years. The local time ascending node at the equator is 06:00. The four satellites are in Sun-synchronous polar orbits with a 97.90° inclination at a nominal altitude of 619 km (385 mi) and an orbital period of 97.20 minutes. The imagery is applied to defense and security assurance in Italy and other countries, seismic hazard analysis, environmental disaster monitoring, and agricultural mapping. Observations of an area of interest can be repeated several times a day in all-weather conditions. The space segment of the system includes four identical medium-sized 1,700 kg (3,700 lb) satellites called COSMO-SkyMed (or COSMO) 1, 2, 3, 4, equipped with synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) sensors with global coverage of the planet. The synthetic-aperture radar was developed starting in the late nineties with the SAR 2000 program funded by ASI. COSMO SkyMed is a constellation of four dual use Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISR) Earth observation satellites with a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) as main payload, the result of the intuition of Giorgio Perrotta in the early nineties. The prime contractor for the spacecraft was Thales Alenia Space. COSMO-SkyMed ( COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation) is an Earth-observation satellite space-based radar system funded by the Italian Ministry of Research and Ministry of Defence and conducted by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), intended for both military and civilian use.
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